The ballad My Happiness was bought for 300,000 dollars (£200,000) by an undisclosed Internet buyer at Graceland, the museum and tourist attraction that was Presley's former home, in Memphis, Tennessee.
The 78 rpm record, with its tattered yellow label, sold for 240,000 dollars (£160,000). But the total buyer's price includes a premium of 25%, or 60,000 dollars (£40,000) that goes to the auction house, Graceland Auctions. Bidding for the record started at 50,000 dollars (£33,140).
Other items in the auction, held on what would have been Elvis's 80th birthday, included scarves worn by Presley at concerts, gold necklaces with the initials TCB (short for the slogan "Taking Care of Business"), prescription sunglasses made for Presley, and his first driver's licence.
But the big prize was the My Happiness record, which is highly valued because of its place in the career of Presley, who died in Memphis in 1977. The acetate is in original condition and the record is playable.
Presley recorded the song in 1953 at Sun Records, the Memphis studio operated by Sam Phillips. Presley, then 18, paid 4 dollars (£2.65) for the recording.
As the story goes, Presley - whose family did not have a record player - left Sun and went to the home of friend Ed Leek to listen to it. But Presley left the record at Mr Leek's house.
Mr Leek kept the record in a safe for six decades. After he and his wife died, their niece Lorisa Hilburn inherited it. Ms Hilburn, of Rockledge, Florida, contacted Graceland, and it was offered for auction.
She said after the auction that she did not expect the record to sell for such a large amount. She has already "splurged" on an iPad, but plans to invest the rest of the money, with some going to pay for college for her two sons.
"I'm very happy," she said. "There was adrenaline beforehand ... but when it was over, I was numb."
Before he became the "King of Rock n' Roll," Presley was a shy young man who had moved to Memphis from Tupelo, Mississippi, with his parents.
He liked to sing and one day summoned up the courage to walk into Sun Records.
Phillips was not there that day, so Presley was helped by his assistant, Marion Keisker.
Presley sang the ballads My Happiness, which was the A-side of the record, and That's When Your Heartaches Begin, which became side B.
Both are slow-moving and stop short of suggesting a singer ready to help open the way for the emergence of rock 'n' roll.
After the record was cut, Ms Keisker wrote down Presley's name and phone number and jotted a note that said he was a good ballad singer.
In 1954, Presley recorded the more up-tempo That's All Right at Sun Records. That song became Presley's first hit, and it catapulted him to a successful career that included hit songs such as Hound Dog and Suspicious Minds, and to making popular films such as Jailhouse Rock.
The story about the My Happiness recording is told to visitors who take the tour of Sun Records, now a museum. Along with Presley, Phillips also recorded music legends Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis and Carl Perkins at Sun.
Before the auction, fans of Presley gathered outside Graceland in sub-freezing temperatures for a cake-cutting ceremony.
Priscilla Presley, who was married to the singer, and their daughter, Lisa Marie Presley, attended the morning event.
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